Review Exercises

Critical Thinking Questions page 579

Describe a red blood cell. They are biconcave disks, which means that they are thin near their centers and thicker around their rims

Describe the life cycle of a red blood cell. In their early states they have nuclei then they become less and less achieve when they become less achieve the spleen and the liver remove them

List two source of iron that can be used for the synthesis of hemoglobin

Describe a blood plate let, and explain its function. Not Compete cells, they arise form very cells in the red bone marrow called megakaryocytes

Distinguish between low- density lipoprotein and high- density lipoprotein. Flow density lipoproteins have a relatively high concentration of cholesterol high density have a relatively high concentration of protein and lower concentration of lipids.

List the major leading to the formation of a blood a lot. First I release of biochemical from broken blood vessels or damage tissue triggers extrinsic clothing mechanism. The stimulate the intrinsic clothing mechanism.

Explain why a person with blood type AB is something called. A universal receipt
Because they lack both anti-A and –B antibodies, they can receive a transfusion of blood of any other type.


Review Exercises page 647 and 648

Describe the pericardium: The pericardium encloses the heart and the closer end of the blood vessels in which it is attached.

Identify and describe the locations of the chambers and the valves of the heart.Four hollows chambers, two on the left, two on the right.The upper chambers are called the atria, the lower are called the ventricles.The tricuspid valve is between the right atrium and the right ventricle. It allows the blood to move from the atrium into the ventricle and prevents it from moving backwards.The bicuspid valve prevents the blood from flowing back into the left atrium from the ventricle, it is located on the left.

Trace the path of the blood through the heartEnters through right atrium. Continues towards the right ventricle. Moves through the pulmonary valve and into the capillaries. Goes through pulmonary veins and heads out through the left atrium, next they head to the left ventricle. Last the pass through the aortic valve.

Explain the origin of heart sounds: heart sounds come from vibrations in heart tissue when blood moves through.

Describe the structure and function of a capillarythey are the smallest blood vessels and they connect the smallest arterioles and smallest venues. They also house the exchanges of gases, nutrients, and metabolic by-products between the blood and the tissue.

Describe the relationship between the major venous pathways and the major arterial pathways. Venous system begin with the merging of capillaries into venues, venues into small vain, and small vein into larger ones. Arterial pathways, however, those of the venous system are difficult to follow. Because the vessel commonly connect in irregular networks.


Review Exercises page 818

Distinguish between the upper and lower respiratory tracts.
The upper receives blood and the lower sends blood

Explain how the nose and nasal cavity filter incoming air. The internal hairs of the nostrils prevent large particles carried in the air from entering the nose.

Distinguish between the pharynx and the larynx.The pharynx is a passageway for food and air. The larynx is also a passageway for air moving in and out of the trachea. The larynx is inferior to the pharynx.

List the successive branches of the bronchial tree, from the primary bronchi to the alveoli.Starts with the right and left primary bronchi. Later it divides into secondary bronchi (lobar). Next it divides into tertiary bronchi (segmental). Next they turn into interlobular bronchioles. The next branch is the Terminal bronchioles. After there are the Respiratory bronchioles. After there are the Alveolar ducts. Then there are the Alveolar sacs. Finally there are the Alveoli.

Define surfactant, and explain its function: Surfactant is a mixture of lipoproteins, which are secreted into alveolar air spaces. It helps you breathe by making it easier for the alveoli to inflate.

Compare the mechanisms of coughing and sneezing, and explain the function of each.Coughing and sneezing are similar in the fact that they both clear passageways of foreign objects. Coughs force air upward from the lower respiratory tracts and Sneezes Force air upward from the upper respiratory tracts.

Explain the function of yawning. Yawning is used to help ventilate alveoli, it allows the blood to receive more oxygen.

Define hyperventilation, and explain how it affects the respiratory center. Hyperventilation lowers the blood carbon dioxide concentration below normal.After it takes longer for carbon dioxide to reach normal levels.

Describe how oxygen is transported in blood.Oxygen travels through the blood bound to hemoglobin. It later dissolves and mixes with hemoglobin.

List three factors that increase release of oxygen from the blood.Oxyhemoglobin increases the release of oxygen as the blood pH decreases.Also Increase in temperatureAnd also an increase in carbon dioxide acidity.